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Morena (political party)

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For the Gabonese political party, see Movement for National Rectification.
National Regeneration Movement
Movimiento Regeneración Nacional
AbbreviationMORENA
PresidentLuisa María Alcalde Luján
Secretary-GeneralCarolina Rangel
Senate LeaderAdán Augusto López Hernández
Chamber LeaderRicardo Monreal Ávila
FounderAndrés Manuel López Obrador
Founded2 October 2011; 13 years ago (2011-10-02)[1]
Registered10 July 2014; 10 years ago (2014-07-10)[2]
Split fromParty of the Democratic Revolution
HeadquartersSanta Anita #50, Col. Viaducto Piedad C.P. 08200 Iztacalco, Mexico City
NewspaperRegeneración
Membership (2023)Increase 2,322,136
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[20]
National affiliationSigamos Haciendo Historia (2023–present)
Juntos Hacemos Historia (2020–2023)
Juntos Haremos Historia (2017–2020)
Regional affiliationSão Paulo Forum[21]
Colours  Maroon
SloganLa esperanza de México[22]
('The hope of Mexico')
Chamber of Deputies 
253 / 500
Senate
66 / 128
State governors
23 / 32
State legislatures
406 / 1,112
Mayors
406 / 2,043
Website
morena.org Edit this at Wikidata
This article is part of
a series about
Andrés Manuel
López Obrador
  • Federal District Government
  • Presidential campaigns
  • Referendums
  • 2021 (corruption trial)
  • 2022 (presidential recall)
  • Related

The National Regeneration Movement (Spanish: Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional), commonly referred to by its syllabic abbreviation Morena (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈɾena]), is a major left-wing populist political party in Mexico. As of 2023, it is the largest political party in Mexico by number of members; it has been the ruling party since 2018, and won a second term in the 2024 general election.[23]

The party's name alludes to Mexico's Catholic national patroness: the Virgin of Guadalupe, known as 'La Morena'.[24][25][26]

Established as a non-profit organization in 2011 and registered as a political party in 2014, it was led by three-time presidential candidate and former President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador,[27][28][29] until 12 December 2017, when he registered as a candidate for the party's nomination, and was succeeded by Yeidckol Polevnsky.[30][31]

For the 2018 general election, it formed the coalition Juntos Haremos Historia (Together We Will Make History) with the left-wing Labor Party and the Christian conservative Social Encounter Party. It won the presidency with 53% of the popular vote and won a majority in both the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. MORENA was part of the Juntos Hacemos Historia alliance for the 2021 legislative election. In the 2024 election, Morena's candidate for president, Claudia Sheinbaum, was elected in a landslide victory and became Mexico's first female president-elect.[32] She succeeded Andrés Manuel López Obrador on October 1.

History

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Background

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In the 2006 presidential election, the popular former Head of Government of Mexico City, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was nominated by the left-wing Coalition for the Good of All, which comprised the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Labor Party (PT), and Convergence (CON). After losing the election, López Obrador alleged election fraud.[33][34] Although the electoral courts dismissed his claims, he declared himself the "legitimate president."[35]

During the LX Legislature, the left-wing parties formed the legislative bloc Broad Progressive Front to promote López Obrador's political platform. However, during the legislative session, many PRD legislators began to distance themselves from López Obrador, who was increasingly perceived as radical due to his "legitimate presidency" claims.[36] In the 2008 PRD leadership election, Jesús Ortega emerged victorious over López Obrador ally Alejandro Encinas for the party presidency.[37]

In 2008, López Obrador transformed his "legitimate presidency" into the "National Movement in Defense of Oil, Heritage, and the Popular Economy" in response to a proposed energy reform. The movement mobilized 200,000 activists, successfully blocking the reform, which aimed to privatize the state-owned petroleum company, Pemex.[38]

By the 2009 legislative election, numerous López Obrador allies were sidelined by party leadership, which removed them from candidacies and diminished their influence in the LXI Legislature. In the 2010 local elections, the PRD, along with the PT and CON, formed alliances with the right-wing National Action Party (PAN) in several key gubernatorial races to counter the Institutional Revolutionary Party's (PRI) growing influence, further separating López Obrador and his allies from the party.[39][40]

Civil association (2011–2012)

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Drawing from his successful mobilization of activists during the "National Movement in Defense of Oil, Heritage, and the Popular Economy," López Obrador believed it was feasible to establish a citizen network operating without party affiliations, motivated solely by support for his candidacy. On 10 January 2011, he called for the formation of a social and political movement dedicated to defending the vote in preparation for the upcoming general election, naming it the National Regeneration Movement (Morena).[41][42]

Morena aimed to establish "Voter Defense Committees" in 66,000 electoral sections across Mexico to monitor for potential election fraud. This initiative became one of the largest social mobilizations in the country's history, rivaled only by the PRI's mobilizations during the mid-20th century. The movement was officially founded as a civil association on 2 October 2011,[42][43] with López Obrador claiming that the movement had attracted nearly four million supporters within nine months.[44]

For the 2012 general election, López Obrador was once again nominated by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), Labor Party (PT), and Citizens' Movement (MC) in a coalition called Progressive Movement. On election day, López Obrador's surveillance plan was successful, with Morena achieving total coverage across all 300 electoral districts. Despite these efforts, López Obrador once again finished in second place.

After the election, growing disagreements between López Obrador and the PRD leadership over the future of Morena led to López Obrador's departure from the PRD on 9 September 2012.[45] The PRD leadership had considered forming a legislative bloc with the PAN, a move López Obrador criticized, later accusing the party of having "betrayed the people" by aligning with both the PAN and later with Peña Nieto's PRI.[46][47]

Foundation as a political party (2012–2017)

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On 20 November 2012, the Morena's first National Congress took place, where it formally started its transition from a civil association to a political party.[48] During the congress, attendees approved the statutes and action plan for the party, elected 300 councillors to form the Morena National Council, and selected Martí Batres as president of the National Executive Committee.[49]

A 2012 poll indicated that the majority of the Mexican public held a negative view of MORENA's establishment as a political party.[50] While some PRD politicians, such as Ricardo Monreal, supported López Obrador's decision, describing it as a "divorce of convenience" to avoid further polarization in the country,[51] others, like Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, criticized him for forming a new political party, claiming it further splintered the Mexican left.[52]

On 7 January 2014, Batres submitted documents to the National Electoral Institute (INE) for registration as a political party.[53] The INE officially approved MORENA on 10 July, allowing it to receive federal funds and participate in the 2015 legislative election.[52][54]

The 2015 legislative election marked the first time MORENA participated as an official political party, winning 35 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, which included 14 district seats and 21 proportional representation seats.

2018 general election

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See also: 2018 Mexican general election and Opinion polling for the 2018 Mexican general election

In the lead-up to the 2018 general election, speculation emerged that Mexico's four left-wing parties—Morena, the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), the Labor Party (PT), and Citizens' Movement (MC)—might form a coalition. However, Andrés Manuel López Obrador dismissed this possibility due to political differences, especially after the 2017 State of Mexico gubernatorial election, where PRD and MC candidates chose to continue their campaigns rather than support Morena's candidate.[55]

The PT, however, aligned with Morena after its candidate in the State of Mexico withdrew in favor of Morena's. Seeking an alliance, it was formalized in October 2017 at the PT’s National Congress, where party leader Alberto Anaya was re-elected for another six-year term.[56] By late November 2017, discussions began with the right-wing Christian-conservative Social Encounter Party (PES) , whose president, Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, stated: "We don't negotiate with the PRI; we have two options: to go alone or with Morena."[57] In December 2017, the alliance was solidified under the name Juntos Haremos Historia ("Together We Will Make History"), with López Obrador as the coalition's presidential nominee.[58][59]

Founder of Morena and 65th President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador

López Obrador won the election in a landslide with 53% of the popular vote. The party won 55 seats in the Senate, 156 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and the governorships of Mexico City, Chiapas, Tabasco, and Veracruz.[60]

Before and after the 2018 election, many PRD politicians, including incumbent mayors and legislators, left the party to join Morena, asserting that it represented a true leftist movement.[61][62] Notably, key PRD founder Ifigenia Martínez y Hernández was among those who made the switch to Morena.[63]

2018–present

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In early 2019, nine deputies from the PRD left the party, joined the Morena-led government coalition of López Obrador, and gave the government a two-thirds majority, allowing for the passage of constitutional reform.[64]

In the 2021 Mexican legislative election, as part of Juntos Hacemos Historia, the party won seven seats in the Chamber of Deputies, while Morena's coalition lost seats in the lower house of Congress. The ruling coalition maintained a simple majority but failed to secure the two-thirds congressional supermajority.[65]

Ideology

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MORENA describes itself as a democratic left-wing party that supports ethnic, religious, cultural, and sexual diversity, respect for human rights, and environmental care. It describes itself as an opponent of the neoliberal economic policies that Mexico began adopting in the 1980s. MORENA states that a new economic model is needed after the failures of neoliberalism in Mexico, which has resulted in increased corruption and inequality. The party supports "development through private and social business, promoting market competition, but exercising State responsibility in the strategic activities which the Constitution states" and proposes "a model that strengthens the inner market, fair wages; a model that promotes syndical freedom and democracy, where the State doesn't intervene in the inner affairs of the trade organizations".[66][67]

The party sets to stop the privatization of Pemex[68] and the granting of lands to foreign mining companies who "devastate the lands, pay no taxes and harm the environment".[citation needed]

On social issues, the party's platform embraces a progressive agenda in favor of women's rights[69] and the LGBT community in Mexico,[70] supporting causes such as same-sex marriage and the decriminalization of abortion at the national level.[71] It is worth noting that Andrés Manuel López Obrador became the first Mexican president-elect to include the LGBT community in an election victory speech.[72] Almost a year later, on 17 May 2019, Lopez Obrador officially decreed the "National Day against Homophobia, Lesbophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia" in Mexico.[73]

The party advocates an alternative security strategy to the war on drugs, which was implemented in the country during the presidency of Felipe Calderón (2006–2012) and which they oppose, arguing that it is a "failed" strategy that has only sown "insecurity and instability" among Mexicans. Among other things, they advocate the legalization of drugs, such as marijuana, considering that such a proposal would make it possible to find "mechanisms for peace and the reconstruction of the social fabric".[74]

MORENA also declares to be in favor of improving conditions of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and carrying out the 1996 San Andrés Accords, which were signed by the EZLN and representatives of the Mexican government, but later unenforced by then-President Ernesto Zedillo.[75]

The party states to be against the monopolization of the mass media, especially television, by Televisa and TV Azteca, which in 2018 owned 90% of Mexican television.[76]

Contrary to other parties of the left, MORENA has not sought to reduce inequality by increasing taxes on the wealthy. Instead, the party has focused on reducing the pay gap between lower-level employees and high-level government workers salaries, such as politicians and judges, through austerity measures. The party announced support for a plan by López Obrador to cut salaries of higher-ranking public officials (including the President), lay off up to 70 percent of non-unionized federal workers, and reduce spending by cracking down on corruption and tax fraud. As Article 94 of the Mexican Constitution prohibits reducing the salary of judges at any time during their appointment to maintain judicial independence, judges on the Supreme Court took a 25% pay cut starting in 2019.[77]

Pragmatism

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Various outlets have described MORENA as a big tent party, "not in the strict sense a political party, but an alliance of diverse movements and political actors, whose main reference is its founder and presidential candidate, Andrés Manuel López Obrador." Due to López Obrador's pragmatism, some critics have claimed that MORENA is subject to López Obrador's decisions rather than having a more consistent ideology as a party.[78] A 2018 article in the magazine Clarín describes MORENA's position as "oscillating between populism and social democracy".[79]

Leadership

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Main article: President of the National Regeneration Movement
Officeholder Term State
Martí Batres 9 July 2014 – 20 November 2015 Mexico City
Andrés Manuel López Obrador 20 November 2015 – 12 December 2017 Tabasco
Yeidckol Polevnsky 12 December 2017 – 26 January 2020 Mexico City
Alfonso Ramírez Cuéllar 26 January 2020 – 5 November 2020 Zacatecas
Mario Delgado Carrillo 5 November 2020 – 30 September 2024 Colima
Luisa María Alcalde Luján 1 October 2024 – present Mexico City

Election results

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Presidential elections

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Election year Candidate Votes % Result Note
2018 Andrés Manuel López Obrador 30,113,483 53.20 Green tickY Elected Alliance: Juntos Haremos Historia
2024 Claudia Sheinbaum 35,924,519 61.18 Green tickY Elected Alliance: Sigamos Haciendo Historia

Legislative elections

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Chamber of Deputies

Election Constituency Party-list Total [Note 1] Electoral alliance Presidency Position
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
2015 3,304,736 8.76 14 3,345,712 8.81 21
35 / 500
 None Enrique Peña Nieto Opposition
2018 20,790,623 38.70 106 20,968,859 38.80 85
191 / 500
 Juntos Haremos Historia Andrés Manuel López Obrador MORENA–PT–PVEM majority
2021 16,629,905 35.27 122 16,756,189 35.30 76
198 / 500
 MORENA–PT–PVEM majority
2024 3,686,979 6.48 161 24,286,317 42.40 75
236 / 500
 Sigamos Haciendo Historia Claudia Sheinbaum MORENA–PT–PVEM supermajority

Senate elections

Election Constituency Party-list Total [Note 1] Electoral alliance Presidency Position
Votes % Seats Votes % Seats
2018 21,013,123 39.03 42 21,256,238 39.12 13
55 / 128
 Juntos Haremos Historia Andrés Manuel López Obrador MORENA–PT–PVEM majority
2024 7,526,453 13.19 46 24,484,943 42.48 14
60 / 128
 Sigamos Haciendo Historia Claudia Sheinbaum MORENA–PT–PVEM majority

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b The seat distribution reflects the election results and does not take into account party switches during the legislative term.

References

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  1. ^ García, Rosario (2 October 2011). "López Obrador Formaliza a 'Morena' Como Su Estrucutra Para Las Elecciones". Expansion. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  2. ^ Zepeda, Aurora (10 July 2014). "Aprueban tres nuevos partidos; a partir de agosto recibirán dinero público". Excelsior. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  3. ^ "Declaración de Principios de Morena" (PDF).
  4. ^ "Busca diputada de Morena que México sea un país LGBT-friendly, libre de discriminación en establecimientos y comercios – Diputadas y Diputados Morena LXV Legislatura".
  5. ^ "La Jornada – Morena se compromete a impulsar políticas a favor de comunidad LGBTTTI+".
  6. ^ "Morena impulsará la despenalización del aborto en todo el país". 30 September 2019.
  7. ^ "Morena propuso nueva iniciativa para la despenalización del aborto". 12 March 2023.
  8. ^ Beck, Humberto (20 February 2020). "AMLO, ¿socialista del siglo XXI?". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  9. ^ "'Oye, Trump': candidato presidencial López Obrador ganará por paliza en México" (in Spanish). Bloomberg. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018 – via Gestión.
  10. ^ Doherty, Erin; Gonzalez, Oriana (6 June 2022). "Mexico's president confirms he will skip the Summit of the Americas". Axios. Retrieved 26 July 2022. López Obrador said he hopes to visit the White House in July to talk to Biden about the "integration" of all American countries, with the goal of forming something similar to the European Union.
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  23. ^ "Padrón de afiliados".
  24. ^ Cuevas, Marco Polo Hernández (2003). "La Virgen Morena mexicana: Un símbolo nacional y sus raíces africanas". Afro-Hispanic Review. 22 (2): 54–63. JSTOR 23054734.
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  26. ^ Agren, David (22 May 2018). "Political video filmed in Mexican church causes controversy". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2 October 2018. Lopez Obrador's own party name, MORENA, references the national patroness Our Lady of Guadalupe.
  27. ^ "Mexico's Lopez Obrador leaves coalition to form new movement". BBC News. 10 September 2012.
  28. ^ "Mexico's electoral Left May Be Divided Further by a New Political Party". The Wall Street Journal. 24 January 2014.
  29. ^ "Mexico's MORENA Party Obtains Legal Status—What Will Be the Impact?". newpol.org. 19 July 2014.
  30. ^ "Yeidckol Polevnsky asume presidencia de Morena, tras salida de AMLO". AM De Queretaro. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  31. ^ Rodríguez García, Arturo (12 December 2017). "Yeidckol Polevnsky asume presidencia nacional de Morena". Proceso. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  32. ^ "Claudia Sheinbaum ganó por amplio margen las elecciones y se convirtió en la primera mujer presidenta en la historia de México". 3 June 2024.
  33. ^ "Nearly 1 million protest Mexico election". NBC News. 16 July 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  34. ^ "Calderon declared Mexico's president-elect". NBC News. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  35. ^ "López Obrador se proclama "presidente legítimo" de México". El País (in Spanish). 21 November 2006. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  36. ^ "Desaprueban gobierno legítimo de AMLO | PARAMETRIA" (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  37. ^ "Elecciones internas del PRD, ocho meses de acusaciones, amagos y desencuentros - La Jornada". www.jornada.com.mx. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  38. ^ "La Jornada: 2006 y 2024: dos Gritos septembrinos por la soberanía". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  39. ^ C.V, DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S. A. de (5 October 2010). "La Jornada: Incongruente, llama Ortega a AMLO por su rechazo a alianzas". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^ C.V, DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S. A. de (16 March 2010). "La Jornada: Respalda el PT la postulación de Xóchitl Gálvez en Hidalgo". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "What is MORENA?". LaJornada (in Spanish). 6 October 2011.
  42. ^ a b "Morena: El nuevo movimiento de López Obrador". Animal Politico. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  43. ^ "Morena: Partido y movimiento". www.proceso.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  44. ^ "AMLO dedica a Peña Nieto la constitución del Morena". Animal Politico. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  45. ^ Reyes, Juan Pablo (10 September 2012). "AMLO sale del PRD y apuesta por Morena". Excélsior (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  46. ^ Lara Paz, Ana Paola. "AMLO indicó que se salió del PRD porque los dirigentes de ese partido se fueron con EPN y traicionaron al pueblo". MVS Noticias. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  47. ^ "Zambrano no descarta alianzas entre PRD y PAN". El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento (in Mexican Spanish). 9 December 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  48. ^ Octavio Rodríguez Araujo (6 de octubre de 2011). «¿Por qué Morena?». La Jornada. Consultado el 29 de enero de 2016.
  49. ^ «Concluye Congreso Nacional de Morena». www.cronica.com.mx. 20 November 2012. Archived 25 September 2017. Accessed 13 December 2018.
  50. ^ "Sólo 21% a favor que Morena sea partido político: Parametría". Animal Politico. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  51. ^ "La Separación de López Obrador Del PRD Fue un "Divorcio Por Conveniencia"". Expansion. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  52. ^ a b Chouza, Paula (10 July 2014). "Mexico's López Obrador registers new leftist party to run in 2015 election". El Pais. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  53. ^ "Solicita Morena al IFE su registro como partido político". Aristegui Noticias. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  54. ^ Zepeda, Aurora (10 July 2014). "Aprueban tres nuevos partidos; a partir de agosto recibirán dinero público". Excelsior. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  55. ^ "López Obrador cierra la puerta a una alianza con el PRD para 2018; solo iría con el PT". Animal Politico. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  56. ^ García, Carina (23 October 2017). "PT va con MORENA y reelige a Alberto Anaya en liderazgo". El Universal. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  57. ^ "No negociaremos con el PRI; vamos solos o con Morena: PES". Excélsior. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  58. ^ Redacción (13 December 2017). "Morena, PT y Encuentro Social firman coalición rumbo a elección de 2018". El Financiero. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  59. ^ Zavala, Misael (13 December 2017). "Firman acuerdo Morena, PES y PT para ir en coalición". El Universal. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  60. ^ «Morena gana la Presidencia y la mayoría en el Congreso». El Economista. 2 July 2018. Accessed 28 July 2018.
  61. ^ "Renuncian militantes ex fundadoras del PRD". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  62. ^ C.V, DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S. A. de (3 September 2017). "La Jornada: Padierna y Bejarano dejan el PRD para apoyar a AMLO". www.jornada.com.mx (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ González, Jimena (29 August 2018). "Ifigenia Martínez, la política veterana que llega a la 64 Legislatura". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 October 2024.
  64. ^ Huerta, David (20 February 2019). "Ruptura del PRD da a Morena mayoría calificada en San Lázaro". Expansion Politica. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  65. ^ Karol Suarez, Rafael Romo, and Joshua Berlinger. "Mexico's President loses grip on power in midterm elections marred by violence". CNN.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ "Morena se opondrá al neoliberalismo en gabinete: Polevnsky". El Siglo de Torreón. 17 August 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  67. ^ "MORENA proyecto alternativo al neoliberalismo: AMLO". Regeneración. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  68. ^ Vergara, Rosalía (19 June 2018). "Morena, en 'alerta roja' ante eventual privatización de Pemex". Proceso. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  69. ^ "La Cuarta Transformación es y será feminista, incluyente y revolucionaria: Ignacio Mier". Grupo Parlamentario Morena. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  70. ^ "Morena se compromete a impulsar políticas a favor de comunidad LGBTTTI+". La Jornada. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  71. ^ "Morena va por aborto seguro en todo el país, dice la senadora Martha Mícher". Expansión. 20 September 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  72. ^ "Esto fue lo que dijo López Obrador tras su victoria electoral (discursos completos)". Animal Político. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  73. ^ "Presidente López Obrador decreta Día Nacional contra Homofobia, Lesbofobia, Transfobia y Bifobia". Gobierno de México. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  74. ^ "México no debe pelear una guerra contra el narcotráfico: Blanca Piña". Grupo Parlamentario Morena. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  75. ^ González Casanova, Pablo (2001). "Los zapatistas del siglo XXI" (PDF). Observatorio Social de América Latina: 6 – via CLACSO.
  76. ^ "Programa de Morena" (PDF). Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  77. ^ Gómez Romero, Luis (8 February 2019). "López Obrador Takes on Corruption And Poverty in Mexico Through Austerity". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  78. ^ López Montiel, Gustavo (July 2018). "El futuro de los partidos después de la elección". Forbes Mexico. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  79. ^ Gregorich, Luis (2 July 2018). "De la corrupción al narcotráfico, el difícil mandato que le espera al mexicano López Obrador". clarin.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 August 2021.
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